Everyday Pioneer Life in Texas 1822-1830, Leading Up to the AlamoPIONEER SETTLERS DEPENDED ON HUNTING AND FARMING TO SUPPLY THEIR NEEDS BEFORE VESSELS CAME REGULARLY WITH SUPPLIES AND MERCHANTS OPENED STORES. THOSE FROM TOWNS AND VILLAGES CLUSTERED ALONG THE RIVERS, WHILE THE INDEPENDENT MINDED FRONTIERSMEN SETTLED IN REMOTE LOCATIONS, THEREBY EXTENDING THE PIONEERING LIFE STYLE. TEMPORARY BRUSH SHELTERS AND CRUDE CAMPS GAVE WAY TO LOG HOUSES, AND CABINS WERE SOMETIMES COVERED WITH SIDING WHEN SAWMILLS COULD PROVIDE LUMBER.The pioneers in Texas were similar to their parents and grandparents who crossed the mountains into Kentucky and Tennessee and were prepared for life on the frontier. Women brought household treasures and staple groceries such as coffee and flour, garden seeds, tree cuttings, and chickens. Men packed their tools, seed corn, guns and bar lead. If they came by land in the family wagon, families drove hogs and milk cows.Farmers raised corn for their own use and to sell, and some families planted cotton for the same purposes. A few experimented with sugar cane in 1828 for local use, but it did not become a major cash crop until the 1840s. Families camped temporarily in or under their wagons or put up a three sided brush shelter before building a small log house. Log houses sat on piers and were floored with sawed boards. The basic structure could be enlarged to the popular dog trot house two separate "pens" sharing a single roof with a living space between and having a long porch on the front and back. After Stephen F. Austin sold his double pen log house in San Felipe, the new owner raised the roof and made a two story house for use as a hotel. Some covered their log houses with siding that came on boats from New Orleans or from Texas sawmills after 1828. Ingenious self reliant men made spinning wheels and looms so that women could spin thread and weave cloth. Many could do blacksmith work for themselves, cobble shoes, repair harnesses, and perform basic carpentry. On every homestead, farm or plantation, it was coffee, corn and pork for breakfast, lunch and dinner, day in and day out, seven days a week: relieved only by chicken and occasional beef. Corn was eaten off the cob or as mush or fried cakes. Pork was eaten as ribs, chops, patties, sausages or bacon. Biscuits, bread and (sometimes) potatoes supplemented the diet. The pioneers in Texas in the 1820s lived pretty much as they had in the United States, except for the few who came from cities. Families brought their bedding, dishes, tools, corn and garden seeds, chickens, pigs, cows, and horses. Most frontier families were self sufficient they could make everything they needed and grow their own food. Poor families or those who lived away from the settlements continued to live like pioneers even after stores opened at San Felipe and Brazoria. THE FIRST EXCHANGE OF GUNFIRE AT GONZALES IN OCTOBER, 1835, LED TEXANS TO OPPOSE SANTA ANNA'S CENTRALIZING POLICIES.AFTER THE CAPTURE OF SAN ANTONIO IN DECEMBER, STEPS TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE WERE INEVITABLE. SANTA ANNA'S DEFEAT ON APRIL 21, 1836, THREW MEXICO INTO TURMOIL AND PREVENTED THE REOCCUPATION OF TEXAS.The Siege of Bexar San Antonio
October 24 December 9,
1835
The Alamo: February 23 March 6, 1836Santa Anna, angry over his brother in law's defeat, marched 6,000 troops from the R o Grande to occupy San Antonio and punish the Anglo Texans. He led the main force himself and sent Gen. Jose Urrea to remove Anglo Texans from the coast and a third wing to the north toward Bastrop. For thirteen days the 187 volunteers, mostly newcomers, commanded by William B. Travis and James Bowie withstood bombardment, expecting to be reinforced. At dawn, on March 6, Santa Anna sent his entire force to breach the walls of the mission.
Gen. Urrea swept along the coastand captured a number of armed Anglos. Following orders, he put many to death at San Patricio and Refugio during February and March. Urrea found the fort at Goliad abandoned by Col. James W. Fannin, but surrounded the retreating command on an open plain near Coleto Creek on March 19. Fannin surrendered the next day and he and his men were taken to Goliad for a week. Most were volunteers from the United States and in compliance with the harsh 1835 law were executed on March 27. Urrea refused to kill a number of newly arrived volunteers who discarded their guns while landing on the coast below Goliad, when they found capture inevitable. Urrea continued eastward towards the Brazos. The unusual cruelty at the Alamo and at Goliad created unfavorable opinions about Santa Anna and the Mexican nation in the United States and increased the number of Anglo American volunteers seeking revenge.
The Battle of San Jacinto: April 21, 1836Santa Anna and his cavalry crossed the Brazos near present day Richmond, and raced toward Harrisburg hoping to capture the Texas government. They reached the deserted village at midnight on April 14 and the next day when the infantry arrived, Santa Anna gave them permission to pillage and burn the buildings. An advance unit hurried to Morgan's Point on April 16, where the Mexicans almost captured President Burnet. He escaped to a schooner heading for Galveston Island. Two days later, Sam Houston and the Texan army arrived at Buffalo Bayou opposite Harrisburg. Crossing the deep bayou on rafts, they set up camp on April 20, in a grove not far from Lynch's ferry. That same day, Santa Anna moved from Morgan's Point to the high ground above a swamp paralleling the San Jacinto River about a mile or so south of Houston's camp. An exchange of cannon fire and a cavalry skirmish took place late that afternoon and both withdrew.
Gen. Cos and reinforcements arrived early on April 21,and because they were tired and hungry, Santa Anna allowed them to rest. Arrogant and overconfident, with perhaps 1,200 men, Santa Anna lost the battle when the Texans launched a surprise attack in mid afternoon. Look outs, if any, failed to notice the 800 Texans advancing in a long line through a swale of tall grass. Reaching the Mexican breastwork of saddles and baggage before firing a shot, they shouted "the Alamo" and "Goliad" which threw the camp into confusion. The frenzied Texans sought revenge for about 18 minutes. Santa Anna escaped on horseback, while his officers tried to rally the terrified troops who ran towards a grove of trees on the other side of the swamp. Many drowned in the effort to escape. Santa Anna was captured the next day at Vince's Bayou. Captured the day after the battle, Santa Anna ordered his generals to retreat from the Brazos River in exchange for his life. Gen. Vicente Filisola, second in command, carried out the order. President Burnet signed treaties with Santa Anna at Velasco: Santa Anna agreed to cease hostilities, send his troops to the Rio Grande, exchange prisoners, and secretly work to recognize Texas's independence in Mexico City. The latter was moot because the Mexican government replaced him as president, and disavowed promises he made as a captive. Texas officials tried to send Santa Anna to Veracruz on June 1, but rioters carried him off the schooner at Velasco. Local leaders whisked the general and his aides to Quintana for safety in McKinney and Williams warehouse. Eventually, Santa Anna, and his aides were isolated at Orozimbo, the plantation of Dr. Phelps above Columbia. A plot to rescue the Mexican general failed. No longer useful to the Texans, Santa Anna was freed by President Sam Houston in November, 1836.The former president, his aide, Juan N. Almonte, and an escort of three Texans rode horseback to Louisiana, then took river steamers and stage coaches to Washington, D. C., where President Andrew Jackson sent him home on board a naval vessel. http://www.bchm.org/Austin/panel34.html
Colonial Life in TexasOberste in Texas Irish Empresarios and Their Colonies remarks: In the year 1835 colonies at Refugio and San Patricio were beginning to grow and to become established. Commissioner Vidaurri at Refugio and Balmaceda at San Patricio had put the colonists in possession of their lands, and as the newcomers proudly pointed out their leagues of land, and satisfying the Irish love of land, because over the centuries this right had been denied them, they could even chortle with glee that now they were the proud owners of more land than even the Lords of England. We have a glimpse of conditions as they existed then from a letter written by two enthusiastic arrivals at San Patricio in 1835:
Note from Oberste's Texas Irish Empresarios and Their Colonies. For many years afterwards the residents of San Patricio spoke of the great fiesta which took place on the banks of Agua Dulce Creek, to which McMullen and McGloin had invited their many friends from Matamoros. Since the empresarios had at one time been prominent in business in that Mexican border town they probably thought to advertise their colony by inviting their friends, and take this opportunity to induce them to settle along the Nueces. We are told that a great number from across the border accepted this invitation, and travelling over the old Matemoros road which leads to San Antonio, they came, then oxcarts laden with fruits, food, and gifts. In order to save their guests the inconvenience of crossing the Nueces, the people of San Patricio, well supplied to entertain the visitors, prepared a banquet on the shallow banks of the Agua Dulce Creek where there was a sufficient supply of water for man and beast. For several days the Mexican people were hospitably entertained to the accompaniment of Irish, and Mexican songs and dances. McMullen and McGloin had well succeeded in establishing a happy bond between two divergent people. Later when a settlement grew on banks of this same creek they named it Banquete in commemoration of this fiesta, and the place has retained the same name to this day.
TRAINED AS A MERCHANT, CONNECTICUT BORN MOSES AUSTIN 1761 1821 MOVED TO RICHMOND, VIRGINIA, WHERE HE AND A BROTHER HAD A STORE AND INVESTED IN A LEAD MINE, 250 MILES SOUTHWEST IN THE MOUNTAINS. HARD TIMES IN 1796 FORCED MOSES AUSTIN TO START OVER NEAR SPANISH ST. LOUIS BUT DEBT FORCED THE SALE OF HIS MISSOURI MINE IN 1816. HIS SPECULATIONS IN LAND AND BANKING ALSO COLLAPSED DURING THE PANIC OF 1819. THUS, SPANISH TEXAS OFFERED AUSTIN AN OPPORTUNITY TO RESTORE HIS FORTUNE.Spain usually forbade foreigners from trading or settling in its empire but in 1820 it broke precedent by allowing hard working, Roman Catholic, Anglo American frontiersmen to settle in Texas. Spain hoped for economic growth and protection from hostile Indians in exchange for large tracts of land at little cost. The offer coincided with severe economic times in the United States following the collapse of high commodity prices. Residents of the Mississippi River Valley had bought land on credit when agricultural prices rose during the War of 1812. Now the sheriff could seize their property and put them in jail when banks foreclosed on the mortgaged farms. Thus, moving outside of the United States, beyond the reach of creditors, appealed to many unlucky families. MOSES AUSTIN, WITH THE AID OF THE BARON DE BASTROP, SUCCESSFULLY NEGOTIATED A COLONIZATION CONTRACT WITH THE SPANISH GOVERNOR AT SAN ANTONIO. HE RETURNED TO MISSOURI TO PREPARE HIS FAMILY FOR THE MOVE TO TEXAS BUT FELL ILL WITH PNEUMONIA. HE DIED IN MISSOURI ON JUNE 10, 1821, MAKING A DEATH BED APPEAL FOR HIS OLDEST SON, STEPHEN F. AUSTIN, TO ASSUME THE TEXAS PROJECT.Moses Austin had received a Spanish passport in 1797when he visited Spanish Upper Louisiana Missouri where he received an empresario contract to bring American families to the mining area south of St. Louis. He used this same document when he traveled to San Antonio in 1820 to ask for a similar contract to settle his friends and neighbors in Spanish Texas. In October 1820 at age 59, he set out on horseback for Texas accompanied by Richmond, his black servant. They traveled through Little Rock to Natchitoches, Louisiana, and then over the old Spanish road to San Antonio.
Map by John Melish, Map of the United States with the Contiguous British and Spanish Possessions (1914). Courtesy of the Eugene C. Barker Texas History Center, The University of Texas at Austin. Moses Austin arrived in San Antonio in December 1820 carrying his 1797 Spanish passport. With the aid of a translator, Felipe Enrique Neri, the Baron de Bastrop, Austin asked for an empresario contract to settle 300 Anglo American families in Texas. Bastrop had assumed his title when he first came to the United States in the 1790s. Austin may have met the Belgian entrepreneur previously in New Orleans. Gov. Antonio Mart nez forwarded the request to Monterrey for approval and the contract was granted. Before learning of his success, Austin started for Missouri but became ill from exposure to the winter weather. He reached home on March 23, 1821, and died in June. Nevertheless, word spread about his plan and some people started for Texas. There is an historical tradition, seemingly confirmed by Stephen F. Austin's diary, of a lucky encounter that ensured the success of the Austin Colony. When Moses Austin arrived in San Antonio (Bexar) he appeared before Governor Martínez to ask permission to bring in colonists. He was closely examined, his petition denied, and he was ordered to leave Spanish territory immediately. On the way out he met the Baron de Bastrop, whom he had known years before in Louisiana and who had been appointed second alcade (vice mayor) of Bexar in 1810. Through de Bastrop's intercession with Governor Martínez, Austin was granted another hearing and his petition was eventually approved by Spain and re-confirmed by Mexico for Stephen F. Austin. De Bastrop was appointed commissioner of colonization in 1823 with authority to approve all land titles in the colony, and greatly assisted Stephen F. Austin. Stephen F. Austin had worked with family enterprises in Missouri and had been a member of the territorial legislature. In 1820, he took over Austin stores in Arkansas Territory in an effort to salvage the family fortune but was unsuccessful. He went to work for a New Orleans newspaper in order to send money to his mother. An escort from San Antonio met Austin in Natchitoches and the party set out for Texas. Gov. Martinez recognized Stephen as heir to Moses Austin's contract and the new empresario spent a month exploring the land between the Lavaca and Brazos rivers for a suitable site for his colony. Reaching New Orleans in October, Austin began recruiting settlers. AUSTIN PLANNED TO RETURN TO TEXAS BY LAND IN NOVEMBER 1821 TO SURVEY THE COLONY SITE WHILE A CREW OF WORKMEN SAILED FROM NEW ORLEANS ON BOARD THE SCHOONER LIVELY DESTINED FOR THE COLORADO RIVER.THEY WERE TO BUILD CABINS AND PLANT CORN, BUT THE SCHOONER LANDED THE MEN AT THE MOUTH OF THE BRAZOS BY MISTAKE. FAILING TO MEET THE EMPRESARIO, MANY RETURNED TO THE UNITED STATES. MEANWHILE, AUSTIN LEARNED THAT MEXICO HAD WON ITS INDEPENDENCE FROM SPAIN AND GOV. MARTINEZ RECOMMENDED THAT HE GO TO MEXICO CITY TO RECONFIRM HIS EMPRESARIO GRANT WITH THE NEW GOVERNMENT. The 14 workmen and several investor adventurers left New Orleans on November 25, 1821, and arrived at the mouth of the Brazos on December 3. They explored the river and built a cabin at Fort Bend, but most returned to Louisiana when they did not find the empresario. Finding nobody at the mouth of the Colorado River, Austin went to San Antonio where Gov. Martinez gave him a passport to go to Mexico City to see the new officials about his contract. He started south on horseback in mid March and reached the national capital on April 29, 1822, where he remained for one year because of political turmoil in the capital. The newly independent Mexicans could not agree about establishing a government and in May 1822, Agustin Iturbide was made emperor. Austin's empresario contract for settling 300 families was approved under the Imperial Colonization Law passed in January, 1823, but the empire collapsed in March and a republic was organized. The empresario had to wait for approval of the contract by the new officials before starting home. Austin reached Texas in July and decided to locate his capital town, San Felipe de Austin, where the Atascosito Road crossed the Brazos River. The Texas governor had selected the name of the town in honor of his own patron saint and the empresario. Within a few months, Austin ordered a survey and plat of the prescribed squares and streets in accordance with Mexican law. The 14 workmen and several investor adventurers left New Orleans on November 25, 1821, and arrived at the mouth of the Brazos on December 3. They explored the river and built a cabin at Fort Bend, but most returned to Louisiana when they did not find the empresario. Finding nobody at the mouth of the Colorado River, Austin went to San Antonio where Gov. Martinez gave him a passport to go to Mexico City to see the new officials about his contract. He started south on horseback in mid March and reached the national capital on April 29, 1822, where he remained for one year because of political turmoil in the capital. The newly independent Mexicans could not agree about establishing a government and in May 1822, Agustin Iturbide was made emperor. Austin's empresario contract for settling 300 families was approved under the Imperial Colonization Law passed in January, 1823, but the empire collapsed in March and a republic was organized. The empresario had to wait for approval of the contract by the new officials before starting home. Austin reached Texas in July and decided to locate his capital town, San Felipe de Austin, where the Atascosito Road crossed the Brazos River. The Texas governor had selected the name of the town in honor of his own patron saint and the empresario. Within a few months, Austin ordered a survey and plat of the prescribed squares and streets in accordance with Mexican law. 14 workmen and several investor adventurers left New Orleans on November 25, 1821, and arrived at the mouth of the Brazos on December 3. They explored the river and built a cabin at Fort Bend, but most returned to Louisiana when they did not find the empresario.Finding nobody at the mouth of the Colorado River, Austin went to San Antonio where Gov. Martinez gave him a passport to go to Mexico City to see the new officials about his contract. He started south on horseback in mid March and reached the national capital on April 29, 1822, where he remained for one year because of political turmoil in the capital. The newly independent Mexicans could not agree about establishing a government and in May 1822, Agustin Iturbide was made emperor. Austin's empresario contract for settling 300 families was approved under the Imperial Colonization Law passed in January, 1823, but the empire collapsed in March and a republic was organized. The empresario had to wait for approval of the contract by the new officials before starting home. Austin reached Texas in July and decided to locate his capital town, San Felipe de Austin, where the Atascosito Road crossed the Brazos River. The Texas governor had selected the name of the town in honor of his own patron saint and the empresario. Within a few months, Austin ordered a survey and plat of the prescribed squares and streets in accordance with Mexican law. THE SETTLERS REMAINED WITHOUT DEEDS TO THEIR LAND UNTIL JULY, 1824, WHEN THE STATE APPOINTED LAND COMMISSIONER, THE BARON DE BASTROP, ARRIVED IN THE COLONY. BETWEEN 1825 AND 1828, AUSTIN RECEIVED THREE MORE SIX YEAR CONTRACTS FROM THE STATE, NOT THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. ALTOGETHER HE SETTLED ABOUT ONE THOUSAND FAMILIES IN THE AREA BETWEEN THE LAVACA RIVER AND GALVESTON BAY AND BELOW THE SAN ANTONIO TO NACOGDOCHES ROAD. A FEW FAMILIES SETTLED ABOVE THE ROAD IN PRESENT DAY TRAVIS AND BASTROP COUNTIES.By Mexican law, each family received one league 4,428 acres of pasture land and one labor 177 acres of irrigable farm land.They paid $190 in fees to the state, the land commissioner, the surveyor, and for writing the deed about four cents per acre! Austin's plan to rebuild the family fortune was thwarted by laws that prohibited the empresario from charging fees. His reward was 23,000 acres of land as a "premium" for each 100 families he settled. Austin located most of his premium land for his first contract along the Brazos River in Brazoria County. Empresario grants wer used to encourage development licensed promoters, called empresarios, who were given specific areas, or grants, to introduce a certain number of families within six years. Each family could get about 4,500 acres of land, which belonged to the government and not the empresario. He would, however, receive a premium of about 22,000 acres for all of his work if at least 100 families settled in his grants. THE 300 PIONEER FAMILIES WHO RECEIVED LAND UNDER AUSTIN'S FIRST EMPRESARIO CONTRACT PROUDLY REFERRED TO THEMSELVES AS THE OLD THREE HUNDRED. SEVENTY ONE OF THESE FAMILIES LOCATED HEADRIGHTS IN PRESENT DAY BRAZORIA COUNTY, WHILE OTHERS SELECTED SITES IN WHAT BECAME HARRIS, FORT BEND, AUSTIN, GRIMES, BRAZOS, WASHINGTON, COLORADO, WHARTON, AND MATAGORDA COUNTIES.In August, 1815, at age 21, Stephen F. Austin stood for and won election to a seat in the territorial legislature of Missouri, representing Washington County and Potosi. During the traditional Fourth of July celebration of oratory at Potosi in 1818, he declared:"The same spirit that unsheathed the sword of Washington, and sacrificed servitude and slavery in the flames of the Revolution, will also flash across the Gulph of Mexico, and over the western wilderness that separates America from the enslaved colonies of Spain, and darting the beams of intelligence into the souls of their inhabitants, awake them from the stupor of slaves, to the energy of freemen, from the degradation of vassals to the dignity of sovereigns. Already is this great work commenced, already are the banners of freedom unfurled in the south -- Despotism totters, liberty expands her pinions, and in a few years more will rescue Spanish America from the dominion of tyranny." Beginning in July, 1824, Land Commissioner Bastrop visited the neighborhoods and issued deeds for the surveyed land selected by the families. Under the terms of the 1823 Imperial Colonization Law, industrious and law abiding adult males swore loyalty to the Mexican Republic and adherence to the Roman Catholic Church. Five widows who headed families received headrights: one was Rebecca Cummins of Brazoria and another Jane Long of Fort Bend. By August, Bastrop had issued 272 titles and the contract was closed in 1827. The total number of grants was 297, but there were a number of partners. The total number of individuals was 327. Most of the settlers were from the southern states and intended to raise corn, cotton, and cattle, as they had before emigrating. EXPERIENCED HUNTERS ACCOMPANIED EXPEDITIONS SUCH AS AUSTIN'S FIRST JOURNEY TO SAN ANTONIO IN 1821 AND ALSO SUPPLIED RESIDENTS WITH GAME. AUSTIN EMPLOYED SURVEYORS TO MAP THE ENTIRE COLONY AND LATER TO SYSTEMATICALLY PLAT LEAGUES ALONG THE WATERCOURSES. MANY OF THESE PIONEER WOODSMEN AND SURVEYORS SETTLED IN TEXAS.One of the Old Three Hundred accompanied Austin to San Antonio in July, 1821, as a hunter. William Smithers was a veteran frontiersman and may have visited Spanish Texas as early as 1809. In 1822, he lived on Caney Creek in present Matagorda County and in 1824 received a headright on the Brazos.Austin sent one surveyor, William S. Lewis, to Texas on the Lively, but when the empresario did not appear, he went home. The first professional surveyor to make a map for Austin was Nicholas Rightor who accompanied the empresario to the Colorado River in December, 1821. He surveyed the watercourses between the Brazos and Lavaca rivers in 1822, but was stranded on Morgan's Point near the mouth of the San Jacinto River until the arrival of boats from New Orleans with Austin colonists. He returned to the United States to continue his career. Horatio Chriesman, Seth Ingram, and Bartlett Sims, all members of the Old Three Hundred, were among the surveyors employed by Austin in 1824 to plat the leagues and labor s for settlers. By Mexican custom, leagues along the rivers were supposed to be rectangles with one fourth the length bordering the water. However, some leagues did not conform to this order. Nicholas Rightor (1792 - 1841) was a surveyor for the U. S. Government Engineers' Office at St. Louis as early as 1815. He met Stephen F. Austin in New Orleans and accompanied him and a small party to wait for the Lively in 1821. When the ship failed to arrive, Austin went to San Antonio, leaving Rightor on the Brazos to map the area between there and the Lavaca River in March, 1822. He preceded Austin's primary surveyor, Horatio Chriesman, by only three months, and his map of the area is the first to show enough detail to enable Austin to make geographic plans. Before returning to his home in Mississippi, Rightor explored the mouth of the San Jacinto River and lived briefly at present day Morgan's Point. The earliest settlers called the peninsula "Rider's, " Ritor's," or Writer's Point," until it was granted to Dr. Johnson Calhoun Hunter in 1824. Rightor returned to Natchez in November, 1822, where he married and went on to found the town of Helena, Arkansas. The best man at his wedding was Jefferson Davis, later president of the Confederacy. Charcoal drawing, artist unknown. Photograph by Ankers Capitol Photographers. Courtesy of Henry H. Rightor (great-grandson), Washington, D.C.
Courtesy of the Eugene C. Barker Texas History Center.
Courtesy of the Eugene C. Barker Texas History Center. Boundaries and Settlement in the Austin Colony:Revised by the Texas General Land Office in 1993 as their contribution to the Stephen F. Austin Bicentennial, this map shows the true boundaries of the colony, corrected from erroneous maps published in 1833 (Burr), 1830 (Tanner), 1835 (Young), 1837 (Tanner), etc. The map also shows modern county lines and a few modern highways as references, plus adjoining grants made to other empresarios. Map 1 concentrates on the major plantations. Map 2 shows the properties of the Old Three Hundred. Courtesy Michael T. Moore, Texas Eighty nine years later, the renowned author and scholar, José Antonio Pichardo (1748 - 1812) made this map in 1811 which confirms the name "Segundo Brazos de Dios ó Jesus Nazareno" (Second Arm of God or Jesus the Nazarene). It further identifies the "Primer Brazo de Dios ó Rio del Espíritu Santo" (First Arm of God or River of the Holy Spirit). Therefore, the two arms of God were Jesus and the Holy Spirit. --EL NUEVO MEXICO Y TIERRAS ADYACENTES MAPA, by Fr. José Antonio Pichardo, 1811, from Pichardo's Treatise on the Limits of Louisiana and Texas, by Charles Wilson Hackett, vol.II, University of Texas Press, Austin (1934).
Mexico in 1825: Shows a vast territory from Guatemala to Oregon. Texas was identified as the "Intendency of San Louis Potosi," and the Austin Colony was inhabited by the "Carancaways." The map was made by A. Finley, in Philadelphia, four years after the Lively landed, and during the term of Mexico's first president. Courtesy Al Lum Properties.
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